Diabetes might not be a risk factor for worse prognosis among hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 in a Mediterranean area / La presencia de diabetes entre los pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 podría no ser un factor de peor pronóstico

Aim: type-2 diabetes (T2DM) seems to worsen the prognosis of patients admitted for COVID-19, although most studies included Asiatic patients. We aimed to assess whether this condition applies for Mediterranean patients. Methods: a total of 90 patients admitted for COVID-19 with T2DM were retrospectively compared with 50 patients without T2DM. Results: subjects with T2DM were older than their counterparts (73.3 ± 12.4 vs 53 ± 15.7 years; p < 0.0001). Either absolute lymphocyte count (1.1 ± 0.6 vs 1.3 ± 0.7 x 109/L; p = 0.005) or hemoglobin (11.9 ± 1.6 vs 13.1 ± 2.1 g/dL; p < 0.0001) were lower among subjects with T2DM. CRP and procalcitonin were higher among subjects with T2DM (91.9 ± 71.2 vs 70.1 ± 63.3 mg/L; p = 0.002 and 0.8 ± 0.3 vs 0.4 ± 0.1 ng/mL; p < 0.0001, respectively). Albumin was lower among patients with T2DM (3.4 ± 0.5 vs 3.8 ± 0.5 g/L: p < 0.001). Length of stay was longer among subjects with T2DM (11.7 ± 7.7 vs 9.7 ± 8.6 days; p = 0.01). However, both groups were comparable regarding both the proportion of subjects who were admitted to the ICU (16.5 % vs 8 %; p = 0.1) and mortality (11 % vs 4 %; p = 0.2). Conclusions: in a Mediterranean sample, despite of age, comorbidities, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers, subjects with T2DM with a proper glycemic control admitted for COVID-19 had similar prognostic outcomes than patients without this metabolic condition (AU)

Objetivo: la diabetes de tipo 2 (DM2) parece empeorar el pronóstico de los pacientes ingresados por COVID-19, aunque la mayoría de los estudios incluyeron pacientes asiáticos. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si esto se aplica a los pacientes de una población Mediterránea. Métodos: un total de 90 pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 con DM2 se compararon retrospectivamente con 50 pacientes sin DM2. Resultados: los sujetos con DM2 eran mayores que sus contrapartes (73,3 ± 12,4 frente a 53 ± 15,7 años; p < 0,0001). El recuento absoluto de linfocitos (1,1 ± 0,6 vs. 1,3 ± 0,7 x 109/L; p = 0,005) o la hemoglobina (11,9 ± 1,6 vs. 13,1 ± 2,1 g/dL; p < 0,0001) fueron menores entre los sujetos con DM2. La PCR y la procalcitonina fueron mayores entre los sujetos con DM2 (91,9 ± 71,2 frente a 70,1 ± 63,3 mg/L; p = 0,002 y 0,8 ± 0,3 frente a 0,4 ± 0,1 ng/ml; p < 0,0001, respectivamente). La albúmina fue menor entre los pacientes con DM2 (3,4 ± 0,5 vs. 3,8 ± 0,5 g/L: p < 0,001). La estancia hospitalaria fue mayor entre los sujetos con DM2 (11,7 ± 7,7 frente a 9,7 ± 8,6 días; p = 0,01). Sin embargo, ambos grupos fueron comparables en cuanto a la proporción de sujetos con ingreso en la UCI (16,5 % vs. 8 %; p = 0,1) y la mortalidad (11 % vs. 4 %; p = 0,2). Conclusiones: en una muestra mediterránea, a pesar de la edad, las comorbilidades, el estado nutricional y los marcadores inflamatorios, los sujetos con DM2 con un adecuado control glucémico ingresados por COVID-19 tuvieron resultados pronósticos similares a los de los pacientes sin esta condición metabólica (AU)

Thyroid as a target of adjuvant autoimmunity/inflammatory syndrome due to mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination: from Graves' disease to silent thyroiditis.

BACKGROUND: As COVID-19 became a pandemic, the urgent need to find an effective treatment vaccine has been a major objective. Vaccines contain adjuvants which are not exempt from adverse effects and can trigger the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). There is very little information about autoimmune endocrine disease and the ASIA after the use of mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination. CASE SERIES: We report three cases and also review the literature showing that the thyroid gland can be involved in the ASIA induced by the mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination. We present the first case to date of silent thyroiditis described in the context of SARS-CoV2 vaccination with Pfizer/BioNTech. Also, we discuss the first subacute thyroiditis in the context of SARS-CoV2 vaccination with the Moderna's vaccine. Finally, we provide another case to be added to existing evidence on Graves' disease occurring post-vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. DISCUSSION: Adjuvants play an important role in vaccines. Their ability to increase the immunogenicity of the active ingredient is necessary to achieve the desired immune response. Both the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines use mRNA coding for the SARS-CoV2 S protein enhanced by adjuvants. In addition, the cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV2 and thyroid antigens has been reported. This would explain, at least, some of the autoimmune/inflammatory reactions produced during and after SARS-CoV2 infection and vaccination. CONCLUSION: The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants involving the thyroid could be an adverse effect of SARS-CoV2 vaccination and could be underdiagnosed.

Differences in the cluster of depressive symptoms between subjects with type 2 diabetes and individuals with a major depressive disorder and without diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorder encompasses a wide spectrum of somatic and psychological symptoms. It is not known whether there are differences regarding the cluster of depressive symptomatology between subjects with depression with and without T2DM. PURPOSE: To explore whether the cluster of depression that prevails among depressive subjects with T2DM differs from individuals with depression, but without T2DM. METHODS: 87 T2DM patients with a pathological Beck Depression Inventory test (BDI) were compared with 50 age- and gender-matched individuals with a major depressive disorder. All 21 items expressed in the BDI were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The score obtained after administering the BDI was comparable between patients with T2DM and significant depressive symptoms and the control group (18.8 ± 2.7 vs 18.9 ± 3.4; p = 0.9). Subjects with T2DM had higher scores compared with the control group in the following items: sadness (1.4 ± 0.9 vs 0.9 ± 0.9; p = 0.011), difficulty in concentration (1.3 ± 0.8 vs 0.8 ± 0.8; p = 0.01), indecisiveness (1.1 ± 0.8 vs 0.5 ± 0.9; p = 0.012), worries about their health (1.3 ± 0.9 vs 0.6 ± 0.9; p < 0.0001), fatigue (1.2 ± 0.6 vs 0.8 ± 0.7; p = 0.003) and loss of sexual appetite (2.7 ± 0.6 vs 1.2 ± 1.3; p = 0.0001). Suicidal ideation was significantly lower among subjects with T2DM compared with the control group (0.1 ± 0.3 vs 0.6 ± 0.8; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with T2DM and a positive screening for depression presented a different cluster of depression compared with depressed subjects without T2DM, with a predominance of somatic-biological depressive symptoms rather than psychological-cognitive cluster and negative emotions, such as suicidal ideation.

Prevalence and Clinical Correlators of Undiagnosed Significant Depressive Symptoms Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes In A Mediterranean Population.

Objective: To determine the frequency and clinical parameters, of clinically significant depressive symptoms among a type 2 diabetes (T2DM) sample from a Mediterranean area without an established diagnosis of depressive disorder (DD). Methods: 320 subjects with T2DM were recruited randomly from Primary-Care settings and the Endocrine Department from a tertiary center in Mallorca (Spain). 91 healthy individuals matched by age, gender and BMI were used as controls. All participating patients graded by the presence of DD by using the "Beck Depression Inventory" (BDI), considering pathological a cut-off score equal or greater than 16. Results: 27.2% T2DM subjects had significant symptoms of DD compared with 12.1% in the control group (p<0.01). BDI score was higher among T2DM when compared with controls (12±9.6 vs. 7.4±5, p<0.0001). The proportion of females (68% vs. 37%, p<0.0001), subjects without an active job (68% vs. 45%, p=0.01) and singles (38% vs. 18%, p=0.007) was greater among T2DM with a BDI≥16. Subjects with criteria for DD had a higher BMI (31.99±5.96 vs. 30.53±5.62, p=0.03). Fasting plasma glucose was higher among T2DM with a BDI≥16 (162±70 vs. 147±45 mg/dl, p=0.02) as well as HbA1c levels (7.9±1.8% vs. 7.4±1.4%, p=0.01), triglycerides (203±183 vs. 161±103 mg/dl; p=0.03) and LDL-cholesterol (112±31 vs. 104±35 mg/dl; p=0.03). Gender, marital status, BMI and triglycerides were independently related to the presence of DD after a logistic regression model. Conclusions: Relevant depressive symptoms are more prevalent among Mediterranean T2DM subjects than in general population. Main clinical correlators of significant depressive symptoms are gender, marital status and BMI.

LEADER 5: prevalence and cardiometabolic impact of obesity in cardiovascular high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: baseline global data from the LEADER trial.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data on obesity are needed, particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and high cardiovascular (CV) risk. We used the baseline data of liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of CV outcome results-A long term Evaluation (LEADER) (a clinical trial to assess the CV safety of liraglutide) to investigate: (i) prevalence of overweight and obesity; (ii) relationship of the major cardiometabolic risk factors with anthropometric measures of adiposity [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)]; and (iii) cardiometabolic treatment intensity in relation to BMI and WC. METHODS: LEADER enrolled two distinct populations of high-risk patients with T2DM in 32 countries: (1) aged ≥50 years with prior CV disease; (2) aged ≥60 years with one or more CV risk factors. Associations of metabolic variables, demographic variables and treatment intensity with anthropometric measurements (BMI and WC) were explored using regression models (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01179048). RESULTS: Mean BMI was 32.5 ± 6.3 kg/m(2) and only 9.1 % had BMI <25 kg/m(2). The prevalence of healthy WC was also extremely low (6.4 % according to International Joint Interim Statement for the Harmonization of the Metabolic Syndrome criteria). Obesity was associated with being younger, female, previous smoker, Caucasian, American, with shorter diabetes duration, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), antihypertensive agents, insulin plus oral antihyperglycaemic treatment, higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity are prevalent in high CV risk patients with T2DM. BMI and WC are related to the major cardiometabolic risk factors. Furthermore, treatment intensity, such as insulin, statins or oral antihypertensive drugs, is higher in those who are overweight or obese; while BP and lipid control in these patients are remarkably suboptimal. LEADER confers a unique opportunity to explore the longitudinal effect of weight on CV risk factors and hard endpoints.

[Cardiovascular effects and safety of glucose-lowering drugs: current situation]. / Efectos cardiovasculares y seguridad de los fármacos hipoglucemiantes: situación actual.

Diabetes mellitus is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, in addition to normalising blood glucose, the aim of the treatment for diabetes mellitus should be to prevent cardiovascular complications. However, the evidence available on the cardio-protective role of the different glucose-lowering drugs is scarce and poor, particularly as regards with the risk of major cardiovascular events. In this context, the regulatory agencies have modified the regulations for the approval of glucose-lowering drugs, now requiring to demonstrate the glucose-lowering effect together with a robust assessment of the cardiovascular safety. The aim of this work is to review the cardiovascular effects of the different glucose-lowering drugs, focusing on their impact on the risk of major cardiovascular events.

Efectos cardiovasculares y seguridad de los fármacos hipoglucemiantes: situación actual / Cardiovascular effects and safety of glucose-lowering drugs: current situation

La diabetes mellitus constituye un factor de riesgo cardiovascular independiente. Por tanto, el objetivo del tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus debe ser, además de normalizar la glucemia, prevenir sus complicaciones cardiovasculares. No obstante, la evidencia disponible sobre el papel cardioprotector de los diferentes hipoglucemiantes es escasa y poco sólida, especialmente en lo que se refiere al riesgo de episodios cardiovasculares mayores. En este contexto, las agencias reguladoras han modificado la normativa para la aprobación de los hipoglucemiantes de forma que establecen la necesidad de demostrar que los fármacos son capaces de disminuir la glucemia junto con una evaluación sólida de la seguridad cardiovascular. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los efectos cardiovasculares de los diferentes hipoglucemiantes haciendo especial hincapié en su impacto en el riesgo de episodios cardiovasculares mayores (AU)

Diabetes mellitus is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, in addition to normalising blood glucose, the aim of the treatment for diabetes mellitus should be to prevent cardiovascular complications. However, the evidence available on the cardio-protective role of the different glucose-lowering drugs is scarce and poor, particularly as regards with the risk of major cardiovascular events. In this context, the regulatory agencies have modified the regulations for the approval of glucose-lowering drugs, now requiring to demonstrate the glucose-lowering effect together with a robust assessment of the cardiovascular safety. The aim of this work is to review the cardiovascular effects of the different glucose-lowering drugs, focusing on their impact on the risk of major cardiovascular events (AU)

Assessment of risk factors and test performance on malnutrition prevalence at admission using four different screening tools.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Malnutrition is very common in patients when admitted to the hospital. The aim of the present study was: a) to determine the prevalence of malnutrition at admission in a tertiary care hospital and identify risk factors for malnutrition, and b) to test the sensitivity and specificity of different screening tests for malnutrition compared to subjective global assessment (SGA). METHODS: We conducted a prospective study at 24h of admission in order to assess malnutrition in 537 adult subjects (56.4% males, mean age of 61.3±17.7 years) using 4 different screening tools: mininutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF), nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS2002), malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), and SGA. Anthropometrics and co-morbidities were registered. RESULTS: The overall rate of undernutrition was 47.3%. Specific rates were 54.2% in patients > 65y vs. 40.7% < 65y (p = 0.002) and 63.4% in medical vs. 34.0% surgical department (p < 0.001). Identified risk factors of malnutrition at admission were: the presence of heart disease (OR 1.74 CI 95% 1.16-2.60 p = 0.007) for MNASF (AUC 0.62); liver disease (OR 4.45 CI 95% 1.9410.22 p < 0.001), > 65y (OR 2.10 CI 95% 1.19-3.93 p = 0.011), medicine department (OR 3.58 CI 95% 1.93-6.62 p < 0.001) for SGA (AUC 0.96); lung disease (OR 3.34 CI 95% 1.45-7.73 p = 0.005), medicine department (OR 2.55 CI 95%1.09-5.98 p = 0.032) for NRS 2002 (AUC 0.97). Recent unintentional weight loss was a common factor. CONCLUSIONS: Undernourishment at hospital admission is frequent. Comorbidities may contribute to the presence of undernutrition at admission. Nonetheless, SGA, NRS2002, MNA-SF or MUST can be used in our setting.

Antecedentes y objetivos: La desnutrición es muy frecuente en los pacientes que ingresan en el hospital. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es a) determinar la prevalencia de desnutrición al ingreso en un hospital de tercer nivel e identificar los factores de riesgo para desnutrición. b) Estudiar la sensibilidad y especifidad de diferentes test de cribado de desnutrición comparados con las valoración global subjetiva (VGS). Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo a las 24 h del ingreso hospitalario a individuos (56.4% hombres con una edad media de 61,3 ± 17 años) utilizando 4 test de cribado diferentes: mininutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF), nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS2002), malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) y VGS. Además, se recogieron medidas antropométricas y comorbilidades. Resultados: La prevalencia global de desnutrición fue de 47.3%. Las tasas específicas fueron 54,2% para > 65 años, 40,7% en < 65 años (p = 0,002), 63,4% en las áreas médicas, 34,0% áreas quirúrgicas (p < 0,001). Los factores que influían en la presencia de desnutrición al ingreso fueron: cardiopatía (OR 1,74 IC 95% 1,16-2,60 p = 0,007) en el MNA-SF (AUC 0,62); hepatopatía (OR 4,45 IC 95% 1.9410,22 p < 0,001), > 65años (OR 2,10 IC 95% 1,19-3,93 p = 0,011), áreas médicas (OR 3,58 IC 95% 1,93-6,62 p < 0,001) en la VGS (AUC 0,96); neumopatía (OR 3,34 IC 95% 1,45-7,73 p = 0,005), áreas médicas (OR 2,55 IC 95% 1,09-5,98 p = 0,032) en el NRS 2002 (AUC 0,97). La pérdida de peso involuntaria fue común a todos los test. Conclusiones: La desnutrición es frecuente al ingreso hospitalario. La presencia de comorbilidades puede influir en la presencia de desnutrición al ingreso, sin embargo, podemos utilizar cualquiera de los tests propuestos para su detección en nuestro hospital.

Mesenteric vein thrombosis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Mesenteric vein thrombosis is a rare complication of bariatric laparoscopic surgery. We report a case of a 47-year-old man with obesity who had mesenteric vein thrombosis 14 days after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. He was treated with heparin anticoagulation with a good therapeutic response. This case and literature review illustrate that mesenteric vein thrombosis has to be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain after a bariatric procedure and listed formally as a complication of bariatric surgery.

Inmigración y diabetes mellitus: características de la descompensación diabética aguda / Immigration and diabetes mellitus: characteristics of the acute diabetic decompensation

Objetivo: Estudiar las diferencias de las características clínicas, bioquímicas yepidemiológicas entre inmigrantes no europeos (I-NE) y españoles ingresadospor descompensación hiperglucémica aguda en un servicio de endocrinologíay nutrición. Material y métodos: Analizar prospectivamente 98 pacientesingresados consecutivamente durante 30 meses con el diagnóstico de descompensaciónhiperglucémica aguda. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dosgrupos según el origen étnico, comparando las características epidemiológicas,clínicas y terapéuticas. Resultados: Los I-NE representaron el 42,9% deltotal, presentando diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) en más de la mitad de los casos, asícomo una mayor incidencia de debut diabético. Los españoles presentaronhiperglucemias y acidosis más severas. Los anticuerpos anticélulas insulares(ICA) fueron más frecuentes entre los I-NE con debut de diabetes tipo 1(DM1). Previo al ingreso, los I-NE usaban insulina no prandial y no seguíantratamiento para los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: LosI-NE representan un alto porcentaje de ingresos hospitalarios por descompensacióndiabética, con mejor perfil metabólico, siendo la DM2 el diagnósticomás frecuente. El perfil inmunológico en la DM1 podría variar según la etnia.Las diferencias socioculturales que ello implica podrían condicionar la terapiainsulínica y de prevención de comorbilidades(AU)

Background: We aimed to study whether significant differences exist betweennon European immigrants (NE-I) and native Spaniards (N-S) in clinical,biochemical and epidemiological characteristics when admitted for acute hyperglycaemiccrisis at the Endocrinology and Nutrition Department. Methods:A prospective analysis of 98 adults consecutively admitted for acute hyperglycaemiccrisis during 30 months was performed. Patients were divided intogroups according ethnicity. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic data werecompared between both groups. Results: Immigrants represented 42.9% ofcases. More than half of the cases NE-I were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Rate of new onset diabetes was higher among NE-I. N-S had moresevere hyperglycaemia and acidosis. Positive ICA were more frequent in NE-Iwith type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Before admission, no prandial insulin was beingused for NE-I either T1DM or T2DM. Conclusions: NE-I represent a high percentageof admission due to hyperglycaemic crisis, with a better metabolicprofile. Among this group, T2DM is more frequent than T1DM. The immunologicalprofile (ICA) of patients with T1DM could differ according ethnicity andthe medical management of diabetes, and prevention of comorbidities couldbe influenced by socio-cultural differences(AU)

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is downregulated at early stages of diabetic retinopathy.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) plays a major role in the visual cycle and is essential to the maintenance of photoreceptors. The aim of this study was to determine whether a decrease in IRBP production exists in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Vitreous samples from diabetic patients with proliferative and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR, NPDR), and from non-diabetic patients with macular hole (control group) were selected for IRBP quantitative assessment by proteomic analysis (fluorescence-based difference gel electrophoresis) and western blot. Human post mortem eyes (n = 16) from diabetic donors without clinically detectable retinopathy and from non-diabetic donors (n = 16) were used to determine IRBP (also known as RBP3) mRNA levels (RT-PCR) and protein content (western blot and confocal microscopy). Retinal neurodegeneration was assessed by measuring glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and the apoptotic rate. Y79 human retinoblastoma cells were used to test the effects of glucose, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta on IRBP expression and IRBP levels. RESULTS: Intravitreous IRBP concentration was significantly lower in PDR < NPDR < control in proteomic and western blot analysis. IRBP mRNA levels and IRBP protein content were significantly lower in the retinas from diabetic donors than in those from non-diabetic donors. Increased GFAP and a higher degree of apoptosis were observed in diabetic retinas compared with non-diabetic retinas. A dose-dependent downregulation of IRBP mRNA expression and IRBP content was detected with glucose, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in cultures of Y79 human retinoblastoma cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Underproduction of IRBP is an early event in the human diabetic retina and is associated with retinal neurodegeneration. The mechanisms leading to this deficit deserve further investigation.

Introducción, definición y medida del exceso de peso en adolescentes / No disponible

No disponible

Comorbilidades del exceso ponderal en el adolescente / No disponible

No disponible

Treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers with bemiparin: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.

AIMS: To assess the efficacy and safety of bemiparin in the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers. METHODS: A triple-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Patients aged > 18 years, [corrected] with diabetes for at least 3 years, and with a foot ulcer persisting for > 3 months were selected from 39 Spanish centres. Bemiparin 3500 IU/day for 10 days, followed by 2500 IU/day for up to 3 months plus standard care for ulcers, was compared with placebo plus standard care for ulcers for 3 months. The primary efficacy end-point was ulcer improvement, defined as an objective decrease in ulcer area of >or= 50%, measured by digital photography and ImageJ software, and/or any decrease in Wagner's ulcer grade at 3 months. RESULTS: Ulcer improvement rates were 70.3% (26 of 37 patients) in the bemiparin group and 45.5% (15 of 33 patients) in the placebo group [absolute difference 24.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3, 47.3; P = 0.035] (number needed to treat 4; 95% CI 2, 43). Complete healing rates at 3 months were similar in both groups (35.1% vs. 33.3%; P = 0.874), as were the number of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Bemiparin is more effective than placebo in the management of diabetic foot ulcers and has few side-effects.

Critical assessment of the current guidelines for the management and treatment of morbidly obese patients.

An interdisciplinary panel of specialists met in Mallorca in the first European Symposium on Morbid Obesity entitled; "Morbid Obesity, an Interdisciplinary Approach". During the two and half days of the meeting, the participants discussed several aspects related to pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment of morbid obesity. The expert panel included basic research scientists, dietitians and nutritionists, exercise physiologists, endocrinologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, pneumonologists, anesthesiologists, and bariatric surgeons with expertise in the different weight loss surgeries. The symposium was sponsored by the Balearic Islands Health Department; however, this statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of any of the sponsors or endorsers of the Symposium. The prevalence of morbid obesity, the most severe state of the disease, has become epidemic. The current recommendations for the therapy of the morbidly obese comes as a result of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference held in 1991 and subsequently reviewed in 2004 by the American Society for Bariatric Surgery. This document reviews the work-up evaluation of the morbidly obese patient, the current status of the indications for bariatric surgery and which type of procedure should be recommended; it also brings up for discussion some important real-life clinical practice issues, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating and treating morbidly obese patients. Finally, it also goes through current scientific evidence supporting the potential effectiveness of medical therapy as treatment of patients with morbid obesity.

Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Manejo del Sobrepeso y la Obesidad en Personas Adultas / Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults

La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica multifactorial de gran trascendencia sociosanitaria y económica y constituye un problema de salud pública. Causa o empeora un gran número de problemas relacionados con la salud: diabetes, enfermedad coronaria, hipertensión y determinados tumores. Se asocia con mayor riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular, mayor prevalencia de alteraciones psicopatológicas, incremento del coste sanitario y disminución de la esperanza de vida. Actualmente en España, la prevalencia de exceso de peso afecta aproximadamente al 50% de la población. La Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN) ha elaborado una Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre el diagnóstico, la evaluación y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y de la obesidad en adultos estructurada en dos partes: 1) Definición y clasificación, epidemiología, etiopatogenia, complicaciones, beneficios de la reducción ponderal y evaluación del enfermo con sobrepeso u obesidad; 2) identificación de enfermos con riesgo de obesidad subsidiarios de tratamiento, objetivos de tratamiento y estrategias terapéuticas disponibles para conseguirlos, indicándose además, el grado de recomendación basado en la evidencia científica sobre cada uno de estos aspectos. Aun siendo la obesidad una enfermedad que debiera implicar no sólo a personal sanitario, sino también a autoridades políticas, agentes sociales, educadores e industria alimentaria entre otros, la SEEN ha querido desarrollar esta guía dados los evidentes aspectos endocrinológicos y metabólicos de este trastorno. Esta guía establece recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica para ayudar a tomar decisiones sobre el diagnóstico, la evaluación y el tratamiento del exceso ponderal en adultos y posibilitar una atención más homogénea y de calidad (AU)

Obesity is a chronic, multifactor disease with sizeable socio sanitary and economic consequences and is an issue in public health, mostly in developing countries. It causes or exacerbates a large number of health problems: diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and the incidence of certain cancers. It has been linked to a greater risk of cardiovascular mortality, a higher prevalence of psychopathology disorders and social maladjustment with a higher health care cost and shorter life-expectancy. In Spain, nowadays, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is nearly 50% of population. SEEN has developed a Clinical Practice Guide on diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adult people with two sections: 1) Definition and classification of adult obesity, its epidemiology, etiopathogeny, complications, benefits of weight reduction and clinical evaluation of patients with overweight or obesity, and 2) Identification of patients with obesity risk subsidiary to weight reduction treatment, therapy goals and therapeutical strategies available to achieve them indicating as well the degree of recommendation based upon scientific evidence on each aspect. Although obesity is a disease which is supposed to involve not only medical but also political authorities, social agents, educators and food industry among others, SEEN decided to develop this Guide taking into account the evident endocrinological and metabolical aspects of this disorder. The Guide contains scientific evidencebased recommendations intended to help doctors making decisions on diagnose, evaluations and treatment of adult overweight so that a more homogeneous attendance with settled quality can be achieved (AU)